INDIA INTRODUCTION

Read about INDIA in brifly

INDIA ♥r Motto: r &amp//quot// Satyameva Jayate &amp//quot// ( Sanskrit )r &amp//quot//Truth Alone Triumphs&amp//quot// r Anthem: r Jana Gana Manar &amp//quot//Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People&amp//quot// r National song:r Vande Mataramr &amp//quot//I Bow to Thee, Mother&amp//quot// r Area controlled by India is in dark green.r Claimed but uncontrolled regions are in light green.r Capital New Delhir 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′Er Largest city Mumbair Official languages Hindi , English

Hindi in the Devanagarir is the official language of the and English an additional language for official work. r Recognised regional languages Eighth Scheduler Assameser Bengalir Bodor Dogrir Gujaratir Hindir Kannadar Kashmirir Konkanir Maithilir Malayalamr Manipurir Marathir Nepalir Oriyar Punjabir Sanskritr Santalir Sindhir Tamilr Telugur Urdur National language(s) none r Demonym Indianr Government Federal parliamentaryr constitutional republic r - President Pranab Mukherjee

Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansarir Prime Minister Manmohan Singh ( INC )r Speaker of the House Meira Kumar ( INC )r Chief Justice Altamas Kabirr Legislature Parliament of Indiar Upper house Rajya Sabhar Lower house Lok Sabhar Independence from the United Kingdom r Dominion 15 August 1947 r Republic 26 January 1950 r Arear - Total 3,287,263 km2 ( 7th )r 1,269,219 sq mi r - Water () 9.56r Populationr - 2011 census 1,210,193,422 ( 2nd )r - Density 371.5/km2 ( 31st )r 962.2/sq mi

GDP ( PPP ) 2011 estimater - Total $4.457 trillion ( 3rd )r - Per capita $3,693 ( 129th )r GDP (nominal) 2011 estimater - Total $1.848 trillion ( 10th )r - Per capita $1,388 ( 140th )r Gini (2004) 36.8 ( 79th )r HDI (2011)r 0.547 ( medium ) ( 134th )r Currency Indian rupee ( ) ( INR )r Time zone IST ( UTC +05:30)r - Summer ( DST ) not observed (r UTC +05:30)r Date formats dd-mm-yyyy ( AD )r Drives on the leftr Calling code 91r ISO 3166 code INr Internet TLD .in

India (r i / ˈ ɪ n d i ə / ), officially the Republic of India ( Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country inr South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-mostpopulous country with over 1.2 billion people , and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengalr on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west// China , Nepal , andr Bhutan to the north-east//

N Burma N Bangladesh to the east. In d Indian Ocean, India is in d vicinity of Sri Lanka n the Maldives // in addition, India s Andaman n Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia .r Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its longhistory.Four world religions— Hinduism ,Buddhism,Jainism ,nr Sikhism

—originated here, as Zoroastrianism , Christianity , and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region s diverse culture . Graduallyannexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi

The Indian economy is the world s tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest byr purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies // it is considered a newly industrialised country . However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty , illiteracy , corruption ,r malnutrition , and inadequate public healthcare . A nuclear weapons state and a regional power ,

it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under ar parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 territories . India is a pluralistic,r multilingual , and multiethnic society . It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety ofr protected habitats .

The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu . The latter term stems from ther Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for ther Indus River . The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoir (Ινδοί), which translates as &amp//quot//the people of the Indus&amp//quot//. The geographical term Bharatr (pronounced ( listen )), which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country

is used byr many Indian languages in various subtle guises. Ther eponym of Bharat is Bharata , a mythological figure that Hindu ures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India .r Hindustan ( ( listen )) was originally ar Persian word that meant&amp//quot//Land of the Hindus&amp//quot//// prior to 1947, it referred to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its entirety

Ancient Indiar The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago.r Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at ther Bhimbetka rock sheltersr in Madhya Pradesh . Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent inr Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan. These gradually developed into the

Indus Valley Civilisation , the first urban culturein South Asia//r it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India . Centred around cities such asr Mohenjo-daro , Harappa , Dholavira , and Kalibangan , and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.

During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from ther Chalcolithic to the Iron Age . The Vedas , the oldest ures of Hinduism,r were composed during this period,r and historians have analysed these to posit ar Vedic culture in the Punjabregion and the upperr Gangetic Plain . Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves ofr Indo-Aryan migration

into the subcontinent fromthe north-west.r The esystem , which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure, aroseduring this period.r On ther Deccan Plateau , archaeological evidence from this period suggeststhe existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.r In southern India , a progression to sedentarylife is indicated by the large number of

megalithicr monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.r r In the late Vedic period , around the 5th century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the Gangesr Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 majoroligarchies and monarchies that were known as ther mahajanapadas . The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this age also created the religious reform movements of

Buddhism and Jainism , both of which became independent religions.r Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class// chronicling the life of the Buddha wascentral to the beginnings of recorded history in India .r Jainism came into prominence around the same time during the life of its exemplar,r Mahavira . In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions heldup renunciation as an ideal

and both establishedlong-lasting monasteries. Politically, by the 3rdcentury BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as ther Mauryan Empire . Theempire was once thought to have controlled most ofthe subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have beenseparated by large autonomous areas.r The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as foR

Ashoka s renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhistr dhamma . r The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was being ruled by ther Cheras , the Cholas , and the Pandyas , dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire andwith West and South-East Asiar . In North India , Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.

By the 4th and 5th centuries,ther Gupta Empire had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system ofadministration and taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.r Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself.r The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture , which found patrons among an urban elite.

Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science , astronomy , medicine , and mathematics made significant advances.

The Indian early medievalage, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.r When Harsha of Kannauj , who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by ther Chalukya ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by ther Pala king of Bengal . When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the

Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south.r No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region.r During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growingagricultural economy wereaccommodated within e society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.

The e system consequently began to show regional differences.r r In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language. They wereimitated all over India andled to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of allr modern languages of the subcontinentr . Indian royalty, big and small , and the templesthey patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.

Temple towns of various sizes began to appear every as India underwent another urbanisation.r By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-dayr Thailand , Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam , Malaysia , andr Java . Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission// South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many

sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.r r After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies unitedby ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran SouthAsia s north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamicr Delhi Sultanate in 1206.r The sultanate was to control much of North India, and to make many forays into South India.

Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own lawsand customs.r By repeatedly repulsingr Mongol raiders in the 13thcentury, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans fromthat region into the

subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.r The sultanate sraiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenousr Vijayanagara Empire . Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,r and was to influenceSouth Indian society for long afterwards.

In the early 16th century, northern India, being thenunder mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.r The resulting MughalEmpirer did not stamp out the localsocieties it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through newadministrative practicesr and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.

Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity,especially underr Akbar , the Mughals unitedtheir far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to anemperor who had near-divine status.r The Mughal state s economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculturer and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,r caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.

The relative peace maintained by the empire during muchof the 17th century was afactor in India s economic expansion,r resulting in greater patronage ofr painting , literary forms, textiles, and architecture . Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as ther Marathas , the Rajputs , and the Sikhs , gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience

] Expanding commerceduring Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.r As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.r r By the early 18th century,with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the Englishr East India Company , had established coastal outposts.

The East India Company s control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite// both these factors were crucialin allowing the Company togain control over ther Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies. Its further access to the riches of Bengal and

the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.r India was now no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was insteadsupplying the British empire with raw materials,and many historians consider this to be the onset of India s colonial period.r By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British

administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.

♥If we use to world as a paper but we can not introduce India fully ♥ THE INDIA IS GREAT AND INDIA IS INFINATIVE ♥ I LOVE MY INDIA ♥